How To Build A Sentence In Japanese: The Ultimate Guide
Kickstart Your Understanding of Japanese Basics
Japanese grammar often scares a lot of beginners.
The word order, the particles, the conjugations
– it’s so different from English! Ahhh! Run away!
But wait! What if I could make you see that Japanese grammar is actually super simple, easy, and logical?
And it will only take you about 30 minutes (or less if you read fast) to feel comfortable with it.
Well that’s what I’m going to do in this article! So, grab a big bowl of matcha or a coffee and let’s dive right in!
Word Order
In English, the sentence is structured like:
Subject + Verb + Object
For example,
“I (S) eat (V) sushi (O).”
But in Japanese, the structure is like:
Topic / Subject + Object + Verb
♡
Verbs always come at the end.
E.g
わたしはすしをたべる。 Watashi wa sushi wo taberu.
Let’s break each word down.
By the way, we don’t put a space after each word in Japanese, so you need to learn vocabulary.
Once you learn the particles (here it’s は wa), it’s clear where the words end.
Also we have three types of characters (Hiragana , Katakana, Kanji) so it’s not too hard to recognize each word.
Don’t worry, you’ll get used to it :)
” わたし (watashi) =I ” is the subject / topic in this sentence.
Then comes the particle は (wa), which indicates the topic of a sentence.
It’s called the “topic marker”.Don’t get too confused.
For now, just remember this は (wa) as “speaking of / as for ~”.
* When you use は as a particle, you need to pronounce like “WA” but in other words, it’s pronounced as “HA”.
And you have to type “HA” even as the particle “WA”. *
So わたしは (watashi wa) = Speaking of I / me.
I know! It’s strange. But it’s important to know that this は (wa) is not the verb “to be” or anything.
And you can see that the particles come right after the word. This is the opposite of English word order.
In English, you say “speaking of” first, then “me”.
In Japanese “わたし I / me” comes first and then “は speaking of”.
——–
And here’s the tip to sound more fluent★:
We love to omit subjects or pronouns.
Or to be more precise, we HATE repeating subjects. It’s annoying!
Since Japan is a collectivist society (read this article to find out more about Japanese culture),
it’s important not to stand out too much.
When talking about yourself, unless it’s really needed, omit the わたしは (watashi wa).
You end up sounding like “I love myself. I have to talk about myself. ME ME ME ♡”.
* Read more about Japanese pronoun わたし on this article.
So instead of saying
わたしはみさです。 Watashi wa misa desu = I am Misa. (lit. Speaking of I, it’s Misa.)
I normally say ➡ ” みさです。 Misa desu”.
Or instead of
わたしはすしをたべる。 Watashi wa sushi wo taberu.
We say ➡ ”すしをたべる。” sushi wo taberu.
You’ll see this わたし and pronouns everywhere in textbooks, but that’s just textbook speech.
Say わたしは only when you want to say “And I….“.
E.g
A「あ~!あのいぬ、めっちゃかわいい!いぬ、だいすき!!」
B「そうなんだ。わたしは、ねこがすき。」
A “Aa! Ano inu, meccha kawaii! Inu, daisuki”
B “Sounanda. Watashi wa, neko ga suki”.
= A ”Aww! That dog is SUPER cute! I love dogs!”
B “I see. (And / But) I like cats.”
It’s not just わたし that you should be careful using.
So to sound more native, read this article about the pronoun “you”.
———-
Moving on!
After わたしは (watashi wa) , すし (sushi) comes. It’s the “object” in this sentence.
すし is sushi. It’s the same!
Then comes another particle を wo.
Though we type like WO, you pronounce like “O”. Exactly the same as “お o”.
The differences are that お (o) is used in a word while を (wo) is used only as a particle.
So whenever you see this を, you’ll know that it’s a particle and you can figure out where the word ends :)
So what is this を (wo) doing here?
It’s showing what the OBJECT is in this sentence.
If you see すしを sushi WO, you can immediately know that SUSHI is being eaten.
In Soviet Russia you don’t drive car, car drive you!!
In Japan, I SUSHI EAT! ;)
Actually since we omit “I (わたしは)”, it would be like
“ In America, you eat sushi. In Japan, SUSHI EAT!!!!” xD
———-
Another tip to sound fluent ★:
In informal speech, you can omit this を (wo).
When listening to native speakers speaking, you won’t always hear this を.
And say ” すしたべる ” sushi taberu.
———-
Then finally, you put the verb at the end.
たべる taberu = to eat.
すしをたべる。 Sushi wo taberu
So remember, the Japanese order is: S O V!!
If you remember the rule
Object を Verb,
you can make any sentence!
(I) drink tea.
➡ Tea を drink!
おちゃをのむ。 Ocha wo nomu
(I) watch TV.
➡ TV を watch!
テレビをみる。 Terebi wo miru
Remember, the particles are always placed after the word that is indicated.
So the sentence “I watch TV” = 「テレビをみる。」
The を particle shows what the object is, so the word “TEREBI =TV” is the object here.
Not what comes after – みる (miru).
Here are more examples of particles.
Particle “ に (ni) “. This one is basically the same as English “TO“, indicating <direction>.
If you want to say “I go TO the store.”
Just like the sentence “I eat sushi” becoming -> “SUSHI (particle) EAT” in Japanese order, you want to change the order of words here too.
——————–
One tip★:
Japanese students are taught to translate from the end of a sentence
when translating from English to Japanese.
So most of the time you can do the same and make a sentence.
——————–
Now let’s make the sentence “I go TO the store”.
Remember? We omit the subject (I) and also we want to put the verb at the end.
Therefore the only word left is the word “store”.
So we place the word “store” at the beginning.
おみせ (o-mise) = store
Then we want the particle “TO”, which is “に (ni)” in Japanese.
Just like we put the particle を after すし, let’s put this に particle after the word “おみせ”, shall we? :)
” おみせに ” omise NI = “TO the store“.
Then finally the verb!
おみせにいく。 Omise ni iku = (I) go to the store.
voilà! :D
For more about に particles, read more on this article ☆
———-
Absolute Beginners’ Question 1 ♪:
Do verbs conjugate in Japanese? Do they change depending on the pronouns?
Misa sensei’s Answer ♬
Yes and No!
We DO NOT conjugate verbs depending on the pronouns like English or many European languages.
So it will be always like:
I eat
You eat
He eat
She eat
etc…
However, we do conjugate verbs.
For example, in English if you want to make a negation for verbs,
you do
“do not” + “verb infinitive”.
E.g.
I don’t eat. He doesn’t eat.
So you don’t conjugate the actual verb “to eat”.
While in Japanese, we conjugate the verb itself “to eat” = たべる.
The negation of たべる , i.e “not eat” would be
たべない. Tabe–NAI
So even if you learn the word たべる (taberu), if you don’t know the grammar,
you won’t even be able to recognize the word たべる because it looks / sounds different.
That’s why it’s very important to learn the grammar in Japanese. Don’t be lazy. ;)
Another example:
たべたい = (I) want to eat.
Yes, again we don’t put the word “to want” + “verb infinitive” but
what we do is we conjugate the verb たべる itself.
Okay, it’s surprising but not too bad so far.
Now, what makes Japanese awfully different to other languages is that
Japanese has very distinct differences between “informal speech” and “formal speech”.
The verb for “to eat” that we’ve been using is : たべる.
This form is called “plain form” or “dictionary form“.
But you’ll see the conjugated version of たべる ― たべます (tabe–MASU).
It has MASU at the end so it’s called MASU form.
The meaning is the same, the tense is the same. The only difference is the level of formality.
Basically you use たべる among friends,
and たべます when you need to speak “formally“. (e.g. to strangers or older people.)
For more about this MASU form, check this article
.
We won’t go too deep into how you conjugate verbs here,
but just put it somewhere in your head that things like this happen :D
No need to be scared! It’s not as complicated as you want it to be ;P
—————
Now… Where to put adjectives.
It’s the same order as English.
You just put the adjective in front of the word.
Phew! It’s easier than French! ;)
E.g
Cute girl
= かわいいおんなのこ
kawaii (cute) onna-no-ko (girl)
Beautiful view
= きれいなけしき
kirei-na (beautiful) keshiki (view)
What about a sentence like : “That girl is cute” ?
Use the basic construction :
X は Y です。 X wa Y desu.
= Speaking of X, it is Y. / X is Y.
So put the word “girl” into X, and put the word “cute” into Y!
– あのおんなのこはかわいいです。
Ano (that) onna-no-ko (girl) wa (speaking of) kawaii (cute) desu (to be).
More complicated sentences :
Where to put “time” “place” “adverb” and so on??
This is probably the most common problem that learners face.
“Sensei, I don’t know where to put adverbs and such”.
The answer is pretty straightforward.
The most important rule in a Japanese sentence is
ALWAYS put the verb at the end.
The order of other elements is not such a big deal.
First, let’s see where we can put
<TIME> describing words in a sentence.
The example of a sentence :
Tomorrow I‘ll go to a hospital.
We already know how to make a sentence :
“I (will) go TO <somewhere>” = <somewhere> にいく。
You just need to look up the word “hospital” in a dictionary.
Don’t be lazy like Shikamaru! Let’s do it together.
Go on this website here : http://jisho.org/
———————–
This is a great resource for looking up a word, BUT!!
What you have to be careful is that not all the words will be “normal”.
Since Japanese has a HUGE difference between “informal speech” and “formal speech”,
and also “normal speech” and “literal speech (like in books and movies, etc.)”,
if you use a random word from a dictionary, you might just sound like a pretentious idiot.
Example :
Instead of saying “I burned the toast”, “I cauterized the toast”.
I know! It sounds weird as heck!
If you look up in a dictionary how to say “it makes sense” in Japanese,
you get super weird ones from the website “jisho.org”.
I’ve written an article on how to say “makes (no) sense” in Japanese, so check it out.
Of course, the one I wrote in the article is the “natural / native” one.
But that dictionary doesn’t include it.
So learn words from textbooks (Genki is a good one!) or watch / listen to how Japanese people speak.
Anime and dramas are okay, but then again, they have special speeches so you might end up sounding weird. So the best way?
Talk to native speakers. Can’t find anyone to talk to in your area?
Go on www.italki.com and find your own tutor. I’m one of them as well.
Also I’ve been working on creating the best vocabulary / word list at the moment so please look forward to it! (おたのしみに!)
———————–
Alright! Did you get the word for “hospital”?
Yes, it’s びょういん (byouin).
So “I will go to the hospital” would be
びょういんにいく。 Byouin ni iku
The question is : Where to put the word “tomorrow”.
So it cannot go at the end because it’s VERB’s spot. Don’t take it.
What about in between the words びょういん and the particle に?
Nooo! NEVER! It will change the meaning “I’ll hospital go to the tomorrow” or something x_x
So we got two options. In the beginning? Or Before the verb?
The answer is : BOTH are fine!
あしたびょういんにいく。 ASHITA byouin ni iku
Or
びょういんにあしたいく。 Byouin ni ASHITA iku
But I’d say the first option is more common.
So in Japanese, we usually put the <TIME> describing word at the beginning of a sentence.
Another example :
I’ll buy new shoes next week.
Try to make the sentence yourself★
Vocabulary :
To buy = かう kau
New = あたらしい atarashii
Shoes = くつ kutsu
Next week = らいしゅう raishuu
The (normal) order is :
<TIME> + (subject) + Object + (particle) + Verb
, right?
SO :
らいしゅう、あたらしいくつをかう。
Raishuu atarashii kutsu wo kau
Now :
Where to put <PLACE> describing words in a sentence?
Like <TIME> describing words, you can simply put them at the beginning of a sentence.
I’ll buy new shoes in the department store.
デパートで あたらしいくつをかう。
Depaato DE atarashii kutsu wo kau.
*Read this article about the particle で (de).*
What about if there are both <TIME> and <PLACE> describing words?
Normally place the <TIME> word first and then <PLACE> word :)
I’ll buy new shoes at the department store next week.
らいしゅう、デパートで あたらしい くつを かう。
Raishuu, depaato de atarashii kutsu wo kau
More complicated sentence:
So we’ve learnt the order “TIME -> PLACE -> OBJECT -> VERB”.
But how do we place the time like :
<At 8pm tomorrow>?
Just put the bigger element first!
In Japanese we always put “the bigger group” first.
YEAR -> MONTH -> DATE -> TIME
So if you want to say <at 8pm tomorrow>
The order will be :
Tomorrow -> PM -> 8 + particle “AT” (for time).
You get :
あした (tomorrow) ごご (pm) はちじ (8 o’clock) に (at)
I will eat pizza at the restaurant <at 8 pm tomorrow>.
わたしは あした ごご はちじに レストランで ピザを たべます。
Watashi wa <ashita gogo hachi-ji ni> resutoran de piza wo tabemasu.
Even more complicated sentence!!
Let’s add the phrase “with my friend”.
To say “with <someone>“, we say “<someone> と (to)“.
Like I said, if you keep the “VERB AT THE END rule”, the other word order doesn’t matter too much.
This is where I put it this time :
I will eat pizza with my friend at the restaurant <at 8 pm tomorrow>.
わたしは あした ごご はちじに ともだちと レストランで ピザをたべます。
Watashi wa <ashita gogo hachi-ji ni> TOMODACHI TO resutoran de piza wo tabemasu.
So between <TIME> and <PLACE> but you could place at the beginning or after <PLACE>. Doesn’t matter :3
Now let’s see where to put adverbs.
But before that let’s learn the types of adverbs in Japanese.
Adverbs made of adjectives :
E.g.
静かな shizuka-NA (quiet) ⇒ 静かに shizuka-NI (quietLY)
*There are two types of adjectives in Japanese.
I-adjective and NA-adjective.
You can make an adverb by changing :
The last い (i) into く (ku) if it’s an I-adj.
E.g
はやい haya-i fast / quick / early
⇒ はやく haya-KU fast / quickLY / early (as an adverb).
はやくはなす。 hayaKU hanasu = to speak fast
And for NA-adj. Change the last な (na) into に (ni).
E.g
しずかな shizuka-NA (quiet)
⇒ しずかに shizuka-NI (quietLY)
しずかにはなす。 Shizuka-NI hanasu = to speak quietLY
Adverbs NOT from adjectives
E.g.
とても totemo = very
*Only put this とても in front of an adjective.
Just like in English, you don’t say “I drank VERY.” but with another word “I drank VERY MUCH”.*
たくさん takusan = a lot / (very) much
ゆっくり yukkuri = slowly
——
Since they are called “adverbs”, they are mainly used for “verbs”.
So we usually put these adverbs in front of the verbs that want to indicate.
E.g.
I talked a lot with my friends.
ともだちとたくさんはなした。
Tomodachi-to takusan hanashita.
*How to make past tense (inf.) in Japanese – read this article.*
When there is an object in front of a verb :
こどもはしずかにはなしをきいた。
Kodomo wa shizuka-NI hanashi wo kiita.
Or
こどもははなしをしずかにきいた。
Kodomo wa hanashi wo shizuka-ni kiita
= Children listend to the speech / story quietly.
Both are fine :)
—-For a bit more advanced learners ☆—-
Particles
Beginners’ Common Question 2 ♪:
Can two particles be next to each other?
Misa sensei’s Answer :
Yes!
For example
では de + wa
には ni + wa
のは no + wa
のが no + ga
のに no + ni
X も (mo = also / as well) and は (wa) cannot be together.
When は (wa) is put after other particles, it works as an “emphasis“.
For example,
としょかんでは、しずかにしましょう。
toshokan DE WA, shizuka ni shimashou.
= In the library, let’s be quiet.
Here technically は is not necessary if you simply want to say where you should be quiet, but by adding は,
“In the library” can be the topic of this sentence and be emphasized more on WHERE you should be quiet.
Also this “は” – topic marker can be replaced to the particle “を” – object marker.
For example,
すしをたべない。 Sushi wo tabe-nai
= (I) don’t eat sushi.
This is an “okay” sentence.
すしはたべない。 Sushi WA tabe-nai
= As for sushi, I don’t eat it. / I don’t eat SUSHI.
は here works like “comparison”.
“I’ll eat this but NOT THIS.”
これはたべるけど、これはたべない。
Kore WA taberu kedo, kore WA tabe-nai.
It will take some time to get used to understanding the small nuances,
but when you do, your Japanese will sound super good!
We won’t go too much further into particles here as it’s better to learn each one properly.
I’ll write an article about particles soon too!
———
Another rule of sentence structure :
The reason comes first!!
In English, you usually put the reason after the conclusion.
E.g
I won’t go outside because it’s raining.
The word for “because” is ” から (kara)”.
あめがふっているから、そとにはでない。
Ame ga futte-iru KARA, soto ni wa denai.
Ame ga futte-iru = it’s raining
So put the reason in the first clause.
——
I know the rule “VERBS AT THE END”
but I see verbs in the middle of a sentence…
ます form verb can only be at the end.
Plain form verbs can be in the middle of a sentence.
E.g
いつもつかうアプリ itsumo tsukau apuri
“つかう tsukau ” is a verb that means “to use”.
Actually the ” itsumo tsukau apuri” is not a sentence but just a big chunk of “words”
and you would translate like :
“The app that I use all the time“.
So here’s the rule :
Verb + noun (verb in front of a noun)
= <noun> that <verb>
E.g.
ねるばしょ neru (“to sleep”) + basho (“place”)
= Place to sleep / Place that /where (you) sleep
かいものするみせ
kai-mono-suru (“to do shopping”) + mise (“store / shop”)
= Store where (I) do shopping
あそこにたっているひと
asoko ni (there) + tatte-iru (to be standing) + hito (person)
= The person standing there / Person who is standing there
Above examples are not completed “sentences”.
To make them “sentences” we need a verb.
いつもつかうアプリはべんりです。
<Itsumo tsukau apuri> wa benri desu.
= <The app that I always use> is useful / handy.
Here “desu (=to be)” is the real verb.
“tsukau” is indeed a verb but not the main verb in this sentence.
ねるばしょがありません。
<Neru basho > ga arimasen
= There is no <where to sleep>. / There isn’t <a place to sleep>.
いつもかいものするみせは、しまっていた。
<itsumo kaimono-suru mise> wa shimatte-ita
= The store I always do shopping in was closed.
あそこにたっているひとはだれですか。
<Asoko ni tatte-iru hito> wa dare desu ka
= Who is <the person standing there>?
—–
When speaking, the order of words in a sentence can be “imperfect”.
It’s not incorrect. It just happens when you speak.
Pobody’s nerfect!
And though Japanese people have super samurai / ninja skills, when speaking,
you are not thinking too much, and something like this can happen.
Normal sentence :
「これは何ですか。」 kore wa nan desu ka
= What is this?
S O V
When speaking :
「何ですか、これは。」 nan desu ka, kore wa
= What is it…this thing?
S V ….O
Normal sentence :
「ピザをもう食べた?」 piza wo mou tabeta
= Did you already eat pizza?
S O V
When speaking :
「もう食べた?ピザ。」 mou tabeta? Piza.
= Did you already eat? The pizza.
S V …O
Normal sentence :
「昨日、あの映画を見に行った?」 kinou eiga wo mi-ni itta
= Did you go see that movie yesterday?
When speaking :
「あの映画見に行った?昨日。」 Ano eiga mi-ni itta? Kinou
= Did you go see that movie? Yesterday.
Normal sentence :
「あの人形を捨てた?」 ano ningyou wo suteta
= Did you throw away the doll?
When speaking :
「捨てた?あの人形。」 suteta? Ano ningyou
= Did you throw away? The doll.
——-
(/・ω・)/ Conclusion (まとめ) ☆彡
If you’ve reached the end of this article, your understanding of Japanese grammar should have taken a big leap forward!
You don’t need to know everything or be able to use anything just yet (there will be plenty of time for that)
but just feeling a little more at ease with the grammar will be a huge aid in taking your next step!
I hope you can see that Japanese grammar isn’t a scary monster.
I mean, come on, it’s nothing like ゴジラ ;)
Thank you for reading! If you need any help or further clarification please let me know in the comments below!
じゃあ、またね♡
Jaa, mata ne = See you later x
♡ Follow me ♡
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Wow what beautiful scenery – is that where you live? Very nice :)
This guide is impressive and very thorough, much to digest! The color-coding is also a nice touch. I am sure the full-length course book is coming soon!
Thank you so much for the comment! No, I live in Kanto (Tokyo) and this is a picture of Osaka castle (Kansai area).
I enjoyed coloring! haha Yes! Please look forward to my books :)
First of all, thanks for the guide. It is a pretty extensive overview and has been a great help, although i have got one question:
Does the subject/topic have to be at the very beginning of the sentence?
According to your guide words of time, place, etc. can also be placed at the beginning. Does that mean, they can be put before the subject?
Thanks in advance. :)
Yes! The order I showed was what’s commonly done in Japanese but you can change the order quite flexibly. Just make sure after putting a verb, you need to put a full stop – i.e that’s the end of a sentence.
For example,
母は毎朝公園で犬の散歩をする。
haha wa mai-asa kouen de inu no sanpo wo suru
= My mother takes the dog for a walk in the park every morning.
can be changed to
毎朝母は公園で犬を散歩をする。
maiasa haha wa kouen de inu wo sanpo suru
or
公園で毎朝母は犬を散歩する。
kouen de maiasa haha wa inu wo sanpo suru
or
犬を毎朝母は公園で散歩する。
inu wo maiasa haha wa kouen de sanpo suru
The last one is a bit odd but still works.
You usually put the word that you want to emphasize at the beginning of the sentence.
So if you put “maiasa (every morning)” at the beginning, that’s what you want to put an emphasis on.
Like “Every day, my mother ~”.
In colloquial speech, the subject / topic could be even placed at the end. (To be more precise, you put it after the full stop.) It happens a lot to me that I start talking about something and then realize that the listener is confused or has no idea what I’m referring to xD Then I’d add the topic after what I said. For example, 「高いけど、おいしいよ!・・・あのレストラン!」(takai kedo, oishii yo…ano resutoran) – “It’s expensive but delicious!…(Ah I’m btw talking about) that restaurant!”.
this was soooo helpful! thank u!
Hi Misa – really great guide! I noticed a typo right at the top:
In English, the sentence is structured like:
Subject + Object + Verb
I think you meant that to say Subject + Verb + Object right?
Hi, Rod san! Thank you so much! I changed it now :)
The text chops at the right side on android so I can’t understand very well :c
Really helpful Guide , I start practice translate some sentences and it was really helpful !
Actually I am not English native speaker, but these line of rules helped me a lot! I think now I have the confident to start writing sentences ! ^-^
Thank you !
But I have three questions if it possible!
– How about writ “if clauses” in Japanese, for example: “if you study hard, you will succeeded” ?
– How about writing suggestion in Japanese ,for example : if someone ask you which restaurant I should visit >> you will say “How about visiting *** restaurant?” ?
– How to write which, where sentence, for example : “this is Misa sensei who is a teacher” or “this is the car which I bought yesterday” ?
Thank you very much !!
Thank you! And I’m sorry for the late reply!たらどう(ですか)?
There are a few ways to do “if” in Japanese and I’ve talked about it in one of my posts – http://bit.ly/1W4U07C
But I should write an article about it! Anyway, you would use たら for it and you will have to learn “TE form” to make that kind of sentences.
http://bit.ly/2bCRtTy (TE form). Then change て into たら. (Sorry if I try to explain it all here, it’ll be too long!)
And also for “how about” sentence, you use たら. It looks like this :
For sentecnes like “This is A that is …” you normally use the が particle so check this article – http://bit.ly/2bTGWBf
:)
A question about “Verb + noun (verb in front of a noun) = that ” (maybe asking directly here is more fitting than on youtube ^-^” )
“The bread, that I bought yesterday, doesn’t taste good anymore’
will become
昨日買ったパンはもうおいしくない (desu)
Ok. But: “The bread, that Misa bought yesterday, isn’t good anymore.”
“昨日みさの/が買ったパンはもうおいしくない” Should I use “no” or “ga”? When no and when ga? Online examples are not clear enough so… Oshiete kudasai :’( Thanks in advance
Sorry for late reply! You can use の or が and there really isn’t a difference :)
So 昨日みさが買ったパン and 昨日みさの買ったパン both work ^^
you really are a life savior to people that want to learn jap. tutorial explained so clearly even dumb people like me can understand xD
Thank you so much. I really appreciate this guide and your blog, It´s very helpful. I have problems with the verb To have in the sentences. For example:
– I have a dog – I have a child – I have cold or – I have to many things to do / I have a lot to study.
The sentence : there is a dog -> いぬいます。(is it correct?)
About adjetives concretely な adjectives, when they are alone (without です); example:
– Beautiful ! -> きれいな
Do I need to use with na ?
And, could you please tell me this sentence in Japanese? (formal and casual form)
– where do you live?
Thanks you in advance